Zika virus is transmitted by daytime-active mosquitoes and has been isolated from a number of species in the genus Aedes, such as Aedes aegypti, and arboreal mosquitoes such as Aedes africanus, Aedes apicoargenteus, Aedes furcifer, Aedes hensilli, Aedes luteocephalus, and Aedes vitattus. Studies show that the extrinsic incubation period in mosquitoes is about 10 days.[6] The vertebrate hosts of the virus are primarily monkeys and humans. Before the current pandemic, which began in 2007, Zika virus "rarely caused recognized 'spillover' infections in humans, even in highly enzootic areas".[8]
In 2009, it was suggested that Zika virus can be sexually transmitted between humans. Brian Foy, a biologist from the Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory at Colorado State University, visited Senegal to study mosquitoes and was bitten on a number of occasions. A few days after returning to the United States, he fell ill with Zika, but not before having had unprotected intercourse with his wife. She subsequently showed symptoms of Zika infection with extreme sensitivity to light. Foy is the first person known to have passed on an insect-borne virus to another human by sexual contact.[9][10]
In 2015, Zika virus RNA was detected in the amniotic fluid of two fetuses, which indicates that it crossed the placenta and that fetal infection is possible
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